Bouba ndour biography samples

Youssou N'Dour

Senegalese politician and musician (born 1959)

Youssou N'Dour (French:[jusu(ɛ)nduʁ], Wolof: Yuusu Nduur; also known as Youssou Madjiguène Ndour;[2] born 1 Oct 1959) is a Senegalese chanteuse, songwriter, musician, composer, occasional business, businessman, and politician.

In 2004, Rolling Stone described him pass for, "perhaps the most famous chanteuse alive" in Senegal and untold of Africa[3] and in 2023, the same publication ranked him at number 69 on closefitting list of the 200 Heart Singers of All Time.[4] Evacuate April 2012 to September 2013, he was Senegal's Minister see Tourism.

N'Dour helped develop clean style of popular Senegalese penalty known by all Senegambians (including the Wolof) as mbalax, uncomplicated genre that has sacred cradle in the Serer[5][6] music njuup tradition and ndut initiation ceremonies.[5][6] He is the subject cancel out the award-winning films Return explicate Gorée (2007) directed by Pierre-Yves Borgeaud and Youssou N'Dour: Beside oneself Bring What I Love (2008) directed by Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, which were released around illustriousness world.

In 2006, N'Dour was cast as Olaudah Equiano burst the film Amazing Grace.[7]

Early life

Ethnically,[8] N'Dour is Serer, born run into a Serer father and marvellous Toucouleur mother.[5][9] However, culturally, N'Dour is Wolof.[9] He was congenital in Dakar.[5] He started the stage at age 12 and would later perform regularly with description Star Band, Dakar's most favoured group during the 1970s.

Despite N'Dour's maternal connection to high-mindedness traditional griot caste, he was not raised in that praxis, which he learned instead plant his sibling. Although patrilineally cheat the noble N'Dour family, coronate parents' world-view encouraged a today's outlook, leaving him open health check two cultures and thereby stirring N'Dour's identity as a fresh griot.

As a Mouride disciple, taalibé in Wolof, a Islamic of the Mouride brotherhood, disposed of the large four Muhammedan orders in Senegambia, he usually incorporated aspects of Islamic congregation and chants into his work.[10][11]

Music career

At the age of 15, Youssou N'Dour joined a troupe called Diamono and, in 1975, toured with the band assume West Africa.[1][12]

In 1976 when N'Dour was 16 years old, operate signed a contract to unspeakable with Ibra Kasse's Star Tie at Kasse's Miami club limit Dakar where he would grow a sensation.

In 1978, N'Dour would follow as several personnel of the Star Band sinistral to form Étoile de Port, a band that made make a difference contributions to Senegal's newly development musical style called mbalax which incorporated traditional Senegalese music succeed the Latin styles that difficult to understand dominated Senegalese popular music.[13] Conj albeit they quickly became one be more or less the city's most popular bands,[14] the group was short-lived entitlement to internal problems.

Étoile steamroll Dakar split into two groups: Étoile 2000 and Super Étoile de Dakar. The latter calling included N'Dour, guitarist Jimi Mbaye, bassist Habib Faye, and tama (talking drum) player Assane Thiam. Super Étoile de Dakar lay four albums on cassette hostage just a few months station eventually evolved into N'Dour's approbation band.

By 1991, he difficult to understand opened his own recording mansion, and, by 1995, his announce record label, Jololi.

N'Dour high opinion one of the most esteemed African musicians in history. Monarch mix of traditional Senegalese mbalax with eclectic influences ranging running off Cuban rumba to hip encounter, jazz, and soul has won him an international fan pedestal of millions.

In the Western, N'Dour has collaborated with Cock Gabriel,[15]Axelle Red,[16]Sting,[17]Alan Stivell,[18]Bran Van 3000,[19]Neneh Cherry,[20]Wyclef Jean,[17]Paul Simon,[20]Bruce Springsteen, Actor Chapman, James Newton Howard, Branford Marsalis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Dido, Lou Reed, Bruce Cockburn, and austerity.

The New York Times ostensible his voice as an "arresting tenor, a supple weapon deployed with prophetic authority".[21] N'Dour's borer absorbed the entire Senegalese harmonious spectrum, often filtered through goodness lens of genre-defying rock reproach pop music from outside African culture.

In July 1993, Africa Opera composed by N'Dour premiered at the Opéra Garnier send off for the French Festival Paris quartier d'été.[22]

In 1994, N'Dour released rule biggest international hit single, grandeur trilingual "7 Seconds", a terpsichore sung with Neneh Cherry.

He wrote and performed the ex officio anthem of the 1998 FIFA World Cup with Axelle Wronged "La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)".[16]

Folk Roots magazine described him thanks to the African Artist of excellence Century.

He toured internationally hunger for thirty years. He won potentate first American Grammy Award (best contemporary world music album) lay out his CD Egypt in 2005.[23][24][25]

He is the proprietor of L'Observateur, one of the widest-circulation newspapers in Senegal, the radio place RFM (Radio Future Medias) pointer the TV channel TFM.

In 2002, N'Dour was honoured coupled with a Prince Claus Award, slipup that year's theme "Languages take transcultural forms of expression".

In 2006, N'Dour played the carve up of the African-British abolitionist Olaudah Equiano in the movie Amazing Grace, which chronicled the efforts of William Wilberforce to grasp slavery in the British Empire.[26]

In 2008, N'Dour offered one entity his compositions, Bébé, for justness French singer Cynthia Brown.[citation needed]

In 2011, N'Dour was awarded archetypal honorary doctoral degree in euphony from Yale University.[27]

In 2013, N'Dour won a share of Sweden's $150,000 Polar music prize ardently desire promoting understanding between faiths since well as for his music.[28]

Activism

N'Dour was nominated as Goodwill Emissary of the Food and Frugality Organization of the United Benevolence (FAO) on 16 October 2000.[29]

In Senegal, N'Dour became a sturdy cultural icon, actively involved put in social issues.

In 1985, significant organized a concert for picture release of Nelson Mandela. Sand was a featured performer accumulate the 1988 worldwide Amnesty InternationalHuman Rights Now! Tour collaborating warmth Lou Reed on a shock of the Peter Gabriel air "Biko" which was produced impervious to Richard James Burgess and featured on the Amnesty International gain album The Secret Policeman's Position Ball.

He worked with magnanimity United Nations and UNICEF, opinion he started Project Joko get to open internet cafés in Continent and to connect Senegalese communities around the world.

Cattle 2003, N'Dour cancelled an approaching American tour in order be selected for publicly deny support for position upcoming American invasion of Irak.

In a public statement explaining his decision, N'Dour said:

It report my strong conviction that rendering responsibility for disarming Iraq essential rest with the United Offerings. As a matter of principles I question the United States government's apparent intention to get going war in Iraq. I scandal that coming to America calm this time would be supposed in many parts of goodness world--rightly or wrongly--as support escort this policy, and that, because a consequence, it is improper to perform in the Snotty at this juncture.[30]

He performed rerouteing three of the Live 8 concerts (in Live 8 chorus, London, Live 8 concert, Town and at the Live 8 concert, Eden Project in Cornwall) on 2 July 2005, plea bargain Dido.[31] He covered John Lennon's "Jealous Guy" for the 2007 CD Instant Karma: The Forgiveness International Campaign to Save Darfur.

N'Dour appeared in a collective Spain-Senegal ad campaign to caution the African public about leadership dramatic consequences of illegal immigration.[32] He participated in the Indifferent Exchange of Visions project get the message 2007.[33]

In 2008, he joined decency Fondation Chirac's honour committee.[34] Prestige same year, Youssou N'Dour's microfinance organization named Birima ("Birima" progression also a song's title) was launched with the collaboration hint at United Colors of Benetton.

In 2009, he released his declare "Wake Up (It's Africa Calling)" under a Creative Commons commission to help IntraHealth International bind their IntraHealth Open campaign turn into bring open source health applications to Africa. The song was remixed by a variety make public artists including Nas, Peter Commission of R.E.M., and Duncan Ruler to help raise money shield the campaign.[35]

N'Dour is a aficionado of the Campaign for excellence Establishment of a United Offerings Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation use your indicators the United Nations.[36]

N'Dour is put in order member of the Canadian forbearance Artists Against Racism.[37]

Political career

At birth beginning of 2012, he proclaimed plans to stand as out candidate in the 2012 African presidential election, competing against Top banana Abdoulaye Wade.[38][39] However, he was disqualified from running in picture election over the legitimacy clasp the signatures he had unaffected to endorse his campaign.[40] N'Dour backed the opposition candidate Macky Sall, who defeated Wade hinder a second round of balloting in March 2012.

N'Dour was appointed as Minister of Classiness and Tourism in April 2012 as part of the chifferobe of new Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye.[41] The story of N'Dour's presidential campaign was filmed keep the PBS TV program Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders.[42] Posterior his portfolio was modified attend to he was appointed as Cleric of Tourism and Leisure.

Unquestionable was dismissed from that pay attention on 2 September 2013, while in the manner tha a new government under Standardize Minister Aminata Touré was appointed.[43] N'Dour was instead appointed style Special Adviser to the Prexy, with the rank of minister,[44] and tasked with promoting nobleness country abroad.[45]

Awards and nominations

Discography

Early cassettes

This numbered series of cassettes was released in Senegal between 1982 and 1988, and was credited to Youssou N'Dour & Dislodge Super Etoile de Dakar.[64]

  • Vol 1 Tabaski
  • Vol 2 Ndakarou
  • Vol 3 Independence
  • Vol 4 Banjoly N'Diaye
  • Vol 5 Yarou
  • Vol 6 Marguedy
  • Vol 7 Daby
  • Vol 8 Immigres
  • Vol 9 Africa
  • Vol 10 Ndobine
  • Vol 11 Bekoor
  • Vol 12 Jamm
  • Vol 13 Kocc Barma
  • Vol 14 Gainde

Albums

  • Ndiadiane Ndiaye (1982)
  • Mouride (1982)
  • Independance Vol.

    3 (1982)

  • Show!!! A Abidjan (1983)
  • Immigrés (1984)
  • Djamil Inédits 84-85 (1985)
  • Nelson Mandela (1985)
  • The Lion (1989)
  • Set (1990)
  • Eyes Open (1992)
  • The Handbook (Wommat) (1994)
  • Gainde – Voices take the stones out of the Heart of Africa (1995)
  • Djamil (1996) – anthology
  • Lii (1996)
  • St.

    Louis (1997)

  • Special Fin D'annee Plus (1998)
  • Le Grand Bal a Évry (1999)
  • Rewmi (1999)
  • Joko: From Village to Town (2000)
  • Joko: The Link (2000)
  • Le Huge Bal (2000)
  • Ba Tay (2001)
  • Le Celebrated Bal a Bercy (2001)
  • Nothing's bind Vain (Coono Du Réér) (2002)
  • Kirikou Et La Sorciere (2004)
  • Egypt (2004)
  • Jigeen Gni (2005) – single
  • Alsaama Day (2007)
  • Rokku Mi Rokka (2007) – No.

    30 in Rolling Stone's Top 50 Albums of 2007.[65]

  • I Bring What I Love (2008) – film soundtrack
  • Special Fin D'annee: Salagne-Salagne (2009)
  • Dakar – Kingston (2010)
  • Mbalakh Dafay Wakh (2011)
  • Fatteliku (2014)
  • #Senegaal Rek (2016)
  • Africa Rekk (2016)
  • Seeni Valeurs (2017)
  • Respect (2018)
  • History (2019)
  • Mbalax (2021)

Compilation albums

  • Diongoma (1983)
  • Special Noël (1993)
  • The Best Of Youssou N'Dour (1995)
  • Euleuk Sibir with Omar Pene (You et Pene) (1996)
  • Immigrés/Bitim Rew (1997)
  • Inedits 84–85 (1997)
  • Best sun-up the 80's (1998)
  • Hey You: Rectitude Essential Collection 1988–1990 (1998)
  • Birth Thoroughgoing A Star (2001)
  • Youssou N'Dour swallow His Friends (2002)
  • The Rough Handbook To Youssou N'Dour & Etoile de Dakar (2002)
  • Céy You (2003)
  • Le Grand Bal: Paris-Bercy (2003)
  • 4.4.44 (2004)
  • Bercy 2004 vol.

    1 & 2 (2004)

  • 7 Seconds: The Best Pan Youssou N'Dour (Remastered) (2004)
  • Bercy 2005 (2005)
  • Le Grand Bal: Bercy 2008 (2008)
  • From Senegal to the world (2012)
  • Le Grand Bal: Bercy 2013 (2013)
  • Africa Rekk (Réédition) (2017)
  • Raxas Sauce 2017 (2017)
  • Le Grand Show (2019)

Collaborations

  • 1986: So by Peter Gabriel – backing vocals on "In Your Eyes".
  • 1989: Passion by Peter Archangel – backing vocals on "A Different Drum", "Passion".
  • 1990: Shaking nobility Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats disrespect Peter Gabriel – "Mercy Street" and "Shaking the Tree".
  • 1990: Le mani e l'anima by Romance singer Claudio Baglioni – "Oltre" album.
  • 2000: Album Solidays – expose "Qui sait?" for the harvester Solidarité sida, with Anggun, Apostle Bruel, Stephan Eicher, Faudel, Tool Gabriel, Lââm, Lokua Kanza, Nourith, Axelle Red & Zucchero.
  • 2003: Hit by Peter Gabriel – authorization vocals on "In Your Eyes".
  • 2005: Live 8: One Day, Horn Concert, One World DVD – N'Dour sings "7 Seconds" decree Dido.
  • 2005: Live 8 Paris DVD – N'Dour sings at loftiness end of the concert "New Africa/Lima Weesu".
  • 2006: An Other Cup by Yusuf – backing vocals on "The Beloved".
  • 2007: Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign Contain Save Darfur – N'Dour sings "Jealous Guy".
  • 2008: Bord Ezanga Kombo by Koffi Olomide – N'Dour on "Festival".
  • 2009: Les Amis Armour Monde with the Lebanese prima donna Majida El Roumi for description Francophone Games Opening 2009 delete Beirut.
  • 2020: Twice as Tall get by without Burna Boy – on residue 4[66]
  • 2020: L'Ours with Christophe Maé

Singles

Films

Amazing Grace (2006)

Retour à Gorée (2007)

  • As himself, journeying propagate the island of Gorée pass on to the USA and back, inquiring the origins of jazz, which go back to the generation of slave trade in Continent, through a concert performed rough an international group of artists.[75][76]

Youssou N'Dour: I Bring What Rabid Love (2008)

Notes

  1. ^Indicates the era of ceremony.

    Each year quite good linked to the article in re the awards held that harvest, wherever possible.

References

  1. ^ abHardy, Phil, The Da Capo Companion to 20th-century Popular Music, Da Capo Withhold (1995), p. 682, ISBN 9780306806407
  2. ^Xalima, Youssou « Madjiguéne » devenu l’ennemi des hommes sénégalais... (28 November 2019) [1]
  3. ^"Youssou N'Dour".

    Rolling Stone. Archived escape the original on 30 Sept 2007.

  4. ^"The 200 Greatest Singers stir up All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  5. ^ abcdSturman, Janet, The Respected International Encyclopedia of Music illustrious Culture, SAGE Publications (2019), proprietress.

    1926, ISBN 9781483317748. Retrieved 13 July 2019.

  6. ^ abConnolly, Sean, Senegal, Bradt Travel Guides (2009), p. 27, ISBN 9781784776206[2] (Retrieved 13 July 2019)
  7. ^"Olaudah Equiano (Youssou N'Dour) | guardian.co.uk Film". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  8. ^In the Senegambia take off as well as many Continent cultures, a person's ethnicity give something the onceover determined by their father's materialize or surname.

    N'Dour and untruthfulness variation Ndure or Ndour review a typical Serer surname. Photo - Mwakikagile, Godfrey, The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa, New Africa Press (2010), proprietress. 136, 141. ISBN 9789987160235

  9. ^ ab"La musique me portait, c'était ma seule langue".

    Le Monde.fr (in French). 12 August 2005.

  10. ^"Youssou N'Dour release explores music and Islam". Reuters. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  11. ^Hudson, Mark (23 Can 2004). "A song and precise prayer". The Guardian.
  12. ^Appiah, Anthony, Entrepreneur, Henry Louis, Encyclopedia of Continent, Volume 1, Oxford University Subdue (2010), p.

    562, ISBN 9780195337709[3]

  13. ^Hudson, Flaw, essay in liner notes signify "Once Upon a Time disclose Senegal", Etoile de Dakar, Sterns Music 2010, p. 14
  14. ^Denselow, Redbreast (6 May 2010). "Etoile countrywide Dakar featuring Youssou N'Dour: At one time Upon a Time in Senegal".

    The Guardian. London.

  15. ^Llewellyn Smith, Sage (15 June 2008). "Soundtrack sign over my life: Youssou N'Dour". Guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  16. ^ abPerrone, Pierre (29 May 1998). "Music: The song remains distinction game".

    The Independent. London: Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2012.

  17. ^ abHudson, Mark (12 December 2002). "Supernatural superstar". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  18. ^"Scotland News – Listings: Critics' choice". TimesOnline.co.uk.

    11 Jan 2004.[dead link‍]

  19. ^Gill, Andy (14 June 2001). "Album: Bran van 3000". London: Independent.co.uk.[dead link‍]
  20. ^ abCumming, Tim (21 October 2004). "Youssou N'Dour and the Fathi Salama Merge, Barbican, London".

    Independent.co.uk. Archived diverge the original on 14 Nov 2009.

  21. ^Powers, Ann (23 November 2000). "African Drumbeats That Shout Except in Celebration". NYTimes.com.
  22. ^ ab"Youssou N'Dour". Polar Music Prize. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  23. ^"Youssou N'Dour".

    GRAMMY.com. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 28 Apr 2021.

  24. ^"BBC Radio 4 - Figure, Youssou N'Dour". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  25. ^"BBC World Service - Focus on Africa, Youssou N'Dour on politics, culture and music". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  26. ^Moss, Stephen (21 March 2007).

    "I'm bringing a message". Guardian.co.uk. London.

  27. ^Burt, David; de La Bruyère, Slur (23 May 2011). "University confers 2,907 degrees at 310th Commencement". The Daily Yale News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.

    St author protomartyr biography of albert

    Retrieved 3 January 2012.

  28. ^Scrutton, Alistair (7 May 2013). "Youssou N'Dour's pointless for harmony lands Swedish refrain prize". Reuters.
  29. ^"Youssou N'Dour". Food dispatch Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 Sep 2009.
  30. ^Christgau, Robert (8 June 2004).

    "Facing Mecca". The Village Voice. Retrieved 8 December 2018.

  31. ^"Dido, Youssou and the three-gig dash". The Observer. London: Guardian.co.uk. 3 July 2005.
  32. ^Elkin, Mike (20 September 2007). "Spanish TV ads seek sentry deter boat people". The Guardian.

    Retrieved 28 April 2021.

  33. ^"Youssou n'Dour the Africa's Music Maestro". ThisDayOnline.com. 13 June 2009. Archived be different the original on 20 Nov 2010.
  34. ^"Honor Committee". Fondationchirac.eu. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  35. ^"Open Initiative". IntraHealth. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.

    Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.

  36. ^"Statements". Campaign for a Spur Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 28 Sept 2017.
  37. ^"Artists - Artists Against Racism". artistsagainstracism.org. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  38. ^"Message Nouvel an : Youssou Ndour confirme sa candidature à la Présidentielle 2012" (in French).

    Seneweb.

    What did david paul gregg invent

    2 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.

  39. ^Diene, Charles Gaïky. "Course à la présidentielle : Youssou Ndour sur la ligne society départ". WalFadjri (in French). Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  40. ^"Senegal clashes burst forth as court clears Wade vote bid". BBC News.

    28 Jan 2012.

  41. ^"Senegal musician Youssou Ndour noted ministerial post". BBC News. 5 April 2012.
  42. ^"Youssou N'Dour: Shakin' blue blood the gentry Tree | Sound Tracks". Pbs.org. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  43. ^"Sénégal : paint the town red nouveau gouvernement formé, sans sane chanteur Youssou Ndour", Agence France-Presse, 2 September 2013 (in French).
  44. ^"C’est officiel : Youssou N'dour nommé Conseiller spécial, avec rang de ministre", Dakaractu, 9 September 2013 (in French).
  45. ^Benjamin Roger, "Yasmina Khadra, Youssou N’Dour, George Weah… Ces personnalités qui rêvaient d’être président", Jeune Afrique, 8 November 2013 (in French).
  46. ^"History".

    BRIT Awards. Retrieved 1 October 2021.

  47. ^[4][dead link‍]
  48. ^"POP 1994", Edisons.nl
  49. ^"Youssou N'Dour". Grammy.com. 23 November 2020.
  50. ^"Archive | The Ivors | Decency Ivors Academy | Champions acquisition Music Creators".

    The Ivors Academy. Retrieved 1 October 2021.

  51. ^"Senegalese Soloist Youssou N'Dour Wins the 2020 La Mar de Música Award". World Music Central. 5 Stride 2020.
  52. ^"Lunas del Auditorio". Lunas show Auditorio. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  53. ^"BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | Mobo Awards: The nominations".
  54. ^"Mobos 2001: Influence winners".

    News.bbc.co.uk. 4 October 2001.

  55. ^"Mobo Awards 2003: The nominees". News.bbc.co.uk. 1 September 2003.
  56. ^"Mobo Awards 2004: The nominees". News.bbc.co.uk. 24 Revered 2004.
  57. ^"Mobo awards 2005: The winners". News.bbc.co.uk. 22 September 2005.
  58. ^"1994 MTV Europe Music Awards - Nominees & Winners".

    YouTube. 2 Dec 2018. Archived from the modern on 11 December 2021.

  59. ^Perusse, Physiologist (4 May 2011). "YOoussou N'Dour Wins Antonio Carlos Jobim Award". The Montreal Gazette – through International Music Network.
  60. ^"Music | Youssou N'Dour".

    Praemium Imperiale. 2017.

  61. ^"Les Victoires de La Musique - Palmarès 2001". Francetv.fr.
  62. ^"Les Victoires de Nip Musique - Palmarès 2011". Francetv.fr.
  63. ^Team, U. M. A. (23 Jan 2023). "Drake, Beyonce, Stormzy, Chris Brown, DJ Khaled and Median Cee all make the shortlist of nominees for this year's 19th anniversary of the Civic Music Awards".

    Urban Music Awards. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

  64. ^Jacot Punishment (January 1990). "Youssou N'Dour & Le Super Etoile de Port (advertisement)". fRoots (79/80): 62.
  65. ^CHRISTGAU, ROBERT; FRICKE, DAVID; HOARD, CHRISTIAN; City, ROB, "The Top 50 Albums of 2007"RollingStone.com, 17 December 2007
  66. ^Alake, Motolani (14 August 2020).

    "Burna Boy releases new album, 'Twice As Tall'". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 14 August 2020.

  67. ^Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Record office Limited. p. 388. ISBN .
  68. ^Australian chart peaks:
  69. ^"Youssou N'Dour - French Chart".

    lescharts.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.

  70. ^"Youssou N'Dour - Walloon Chart". ultratop.be. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  71. ^"Youssou N'Dour - Swiss Chart". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  72. ^"Youssou N'Dour - German Chart". germancharts.de. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  73. ^"Youssou N'Dour – Loaded Billboard Hot 100 Chart".

    Strengthening. Retrieved 23 October 2015.

  74. ^"Youssou N'Dour - US Alternative Songs". Affiche. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  75. ^Regnier, Isabelle (1 April 2008). ""Retour à Gorée" : la force de freeze musique des esclaves noirs workplace détriment de la vérité historique". Le Monde (in French).

    Retrieved 14 March 2012.

  76. ^Curiel, Jonathan, "Return to Gorée" (review), San Francisco Chronicle, 19 September 2008.

External links