Boyd biography

John Boyd (military strategist)

American fighter introductory and strategist (1927–1997)

For other mass with the same name, observe John Boyd.

John Richard Boyd (January 23, 1927 – March 9, 1997) was a United States Air Forcefighter pilot and Bureaucracy consultant during the second bisection of the 20th century.

Top theories have been highly careful in military, business, and process strategies and planning.

As substance of the Fighter Mafia, Boyd inspired the Lightweight Fighter info (LWF), which produced the Popular Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon endure preceded McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. Boyd, together with Thomas Author, created the Energy–Maneuverability theory in this area aerial combat, which became probity world standard for the lay out of fighter aircraft.

He besides developed the decision cycle read out as the OODA loop, birth process by which an thing reacts to an event.

Early life

Boyd was born on Jan 23, 1927, in Erie, University. He was one of pentad children born to Elsie Beyer Boyd and Hubert Boyd. Hubert was raised Catholic and Elsie was a German Presbyterian.[1]

Boyd enlisted in the Army Air Men on October 30, 1944, long-standing he was still a lesser in high school.

Biography christopher

After graduation, he accomplished his basic training and aptitude training as an aircraft bell-tower mechanic during the waning months of World War II. Stranger January 1946 to January 1947, Boyd served as a nonsubmersible instructor in Japan. He done the rank of sergeant, mount served in the Air Pretence Reserve until he graduated punishment college.

He graduated from blue blood the gentry University of Iowa in 1951 with a bachelor's degree snare economics[2] and later earned span second bachelor's degree in commercial engineering from the Georgia Organization of Technology.[3]

Air Force career

Boyd was commissioned as a second agent in the Air Force adjacent completion of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at honourableness University of Iowa.

On Step 27, 1953, Boyd arrived essential Korea as an F-86 Bayonet pilot.[4] In the two months until the Korean War break on July 27, Boyd flew 22 missions in F-86 Sabres, in which he did not quite fire his guns or reckoning a kill.[5] After his ride in Korea, he was desirable to attend the Fighter Weapons School (FWS).

Boyd attended honesty school and graduated at representation top of his class. Come into contact with graduation, he was invited permission stay at the FWS introduction an instructor. He became tendency of the Academic Section courier wrote the tactics manual extend the school.[6] Boyd was crawl to the Pentagon by Senior General Arthur C.

Agan Jr. to do mathematical analysis ramble would support the McDonnell Politico F-15 Eagle program in distressed to pass the Office holiday the Secretary of Defense's systems analysis process.[7]

He was dubbed "Forty Second Boyd" for his normal bet as an instructor preliminary that beginning from a even of disadvantage, he could throw in the towel any opposing pilot in barrenness combat maneuvering in less escape 40 seconds.

According to emperor biographer, Robert Coram, Boyd was also known at different total the score the fac of his career as "The Mad Major" for the earnestness of his passions, as "Genghis John" for his confrontational constitution of interpersonal discussion, and monkey the "Ghetto Colonel" for circlet spartan lifestyle.[8]

During the Vietnam Contention, he served as Vice Emperor of Task Force Alpha existing as Commander of the 56th Combat Support Group at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Move violently Base in Thailand from Apr 1972 to April 1973.

Military theories

In the early 1960s, Boyd, together with Thomas Christie, natty civilian mathematician, created the energy–maneuverability theory, or E-M theory, stencil aerial combat. A legendary dissenter by reputation,[9] Boyd was voiced articulate to have stolen the calculator time to do the loads of calculations necessary to spread the theory.

A civilian labourer had previously barred Boyd free yourself of performing the calculations, but Clockmaker P. Christie provided Boyd a-one project number. An investigating scrutineer general commended Boyd and rule computer work.[10] E-M theory became the world standard for blue blood the gentry design of fighter aircraft.

Rank Air Force's FX project (subsequently the F-15) was then incompetent, but Boyd's deployment orders there Vietnam were canceled, and elegance was brought to the Bureaucratism to redo the tradeoff studies according to E-M theory. Rule work helped save the post from being a costly lemon even though its final concoction was larger and heavier rather than he had desired.[11]

With Colonel Everest Riccioni and Pierre Sprey, Boyd formed a small advocacy categorize within Headquarters USAF that christened itself the "Fighter Mafia."[12] Riccioni was an Air Force aeroplane pilot assigned to a pikestaff position in Research and Circumstance, and Sprey was a civil statistician working in systems psychotherapy.

While assigned to working bravado the beginnings of the F-15, then called the Blue Shuttle, Boyd disagreed with the line the program was going skull proposed an alternative "Red Bird". The concept was for well-ordered clear-weather air-to-air-only fighter with nifty top speed of Mach 1.6, rather than the Blue Bird's Mach 2.5+. The top velocity would be sacrificed for mute weight (and therefore better mobility and lower cost).

Both Boyd and Sprey also argued admit an active radar and radar-guided missiles, and they proposed authority concept to Air Staff. Righteousness proposal went unheeded, and here were no changes to influence Blue Bird.[13][14]

The Secretary of Keep, attracted by the idea go rotten a low cost fighter, gave funding to Riccioni for efficient study project on the Trivial Fighter program (LWF), which became the F-16.

Both the Wing of Defense and the Transmission Force went ahead with righteousness program and stipulated a "design to cost" basis no ultra than $3 million per pretend over 300 aircraft. The Airforce considered the idea of undiluted "hi-lo" mix force structure unthinkable expanded the LWF program. Description program soon went against illustriousness Fighter Mafia's vision since confront was not the stripped-down air-to-air specialist that they had unreal but a heavier multi-role fighter-bomber with advanced avionics, an dynamic radar, and radar-guided missiles.[15] Chevvy Hillaker, an F-16 designer, remarked that he would have intentional the plane differently if why not?

had known that it would become a multi mission aircraft.[16]

Boyd is credited for largely development the strategy for the hit-and-run attack of Iraq in the Cove War of 1991. In 1981, Boyd had presented his sketch, Patterns of Conflict, to Unconventional RepresentativeRichard "Dick" Cheney.[17] By 1990, Boyd had moved to Florida because of declining health, however Cheney, now Defense Secretary join the George H.

W. Hair administration, called Boyd back greet work on the plans entertain Operation Desert Storm.[18][19] Boyd esoteric substantial influence on the end "left hook" design of grandeur plan.[20]

In a letter to magnanimity editor of Inside the Pentagon, the former Commandant of greatness Marine Corps General Charles Maxim.

Krulak is quoted as axiom, "The Iraqi army collapsed english and intellectually under the attack of American and Coalition shoring up. John Boyd was an inventor of that victory as doubtless as if he'd commanded clean fighter wing or a pretence division in the desert."[21]

OODA loop

The observation Boyd made based endow his experience in Thailand over the Vietnam War was ramble in future conflicts, the attrition-firepower model of warfare that locked away prevailed since the Industrial Mutiny would become less important, swallow the ability to rapidly added accurately acquire and act application information would take on worthier importance.[22] The key concept operate developed in the early Seventies as a result of that observation was the decision construction cycle or OODA loop, righteousness process by which an being (either an individual or small organization) reacts to an event.[22] The OODA loop has by reason of been used as the scratch for a theory of legal remedy strategy that unifies the occupation of cognitive science and effort theory to shape the exploits of witnesses and opposing counsel.[23] It has also been outlook as a tool for work-based learning and management education.[24][25]

Aerial Forced entry Study

Boyd also served to modify air-to-air combat in that unwind was the author of grandeur Aerial Attack Study, which became the official tactics manual realize fighter aircraft.

Boyd changed add pilots thought; prior to diadem tactics manual, pilots had coherence that air-to-air combat was godforsaken too complex to ever befall fully understood. With the reprieve of the Aerial Attack Learn about, pilots realized that the high-stakes death dance of aerial bear was solved.[26] Boyd said make certain a pilot going into ethereal combat must know two things: the position of the competitor and the velocity of magnanimity enemy.

Given the velocity entity an enemy, a pilot bottle decide what the enemy gaze at do. When a pilot knows what maneuvers the enemy stem perform, he can then firmness how to counter any out-and-out the other pilot's actions.[27]

Military reform

Boyd gave testimony to Congress step the status of military modify after Operation Desert Storm.[28]

Maneuver conflict and Marines

In January 1980 Boyd gave his briefing Patterns hint at Conflict at the US Military talents AWS (Amphibious Warfare School), which led to the instructor, Archangel Wyly, and Boyd changing greatness curriculum.

That was with grandeur blessing of General Trainor, who later asked Wyly to draw up a new tactics manual reawaken the Marines.[29]

Wyly, along with Pierre Sprey, Raymond J. "Ray" Leopold, Franklin "Chuck" Spinney, Jim Thespian, and Tom Christie, were asserted by writer Coram as Boyd's "acolytes".[30]

Later career

At his retirement play a part 1975, Boyd was awarded greatness prestigious Harold Brown Award by means of the US Air Force.[31]

Death

Boyd dull of cancer in Florida be sure about March 9, 1997, at expand 70.

He was buried house full military honors at City National Cemetery on March 20, 1997.[8] His burial site go over the main points Section 60, Gravesite 3660.[32]

Awards snowball decorations

During his lengthy career, Boyd earned many decorations, including:

References

Notes

  1. ^Coram, Robert (March 9, 2003).

    "'Boyd': First Chapter". New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

  2. ^Coram 2002, p. 33.
  3. ^Coram 2002, possessor. 154.
  4. ^Coram 2002, p. 49
  5. ^Hankins, Dr. Michael. "A Discourse on Bog Boyd: A Brief Summary contempt the US Air Force's Greatest Controversial Pilot and Thinker".

    From Balloons To Drones: Air Tip Throughout The Ages. Retrieved Oct 17, 2023.,

  6. ^Michel, Col. Marshall Triad (December 15, 2006). The Putsch of the Majors: How justness Air Force Changed After Annam (and Saved the World)(PDF/Text) (Ph.D.). Auburn, Al.: Auburn University. p. 297.
  7. ^ Michel 2006, pp.

    77–78.

  8. ^ abHillaker, Harry. "Tribute To Bog R. Boyd."Code One Magazine, July 1997.
  9. ^Coram 2002, p. 156.
  10. ^Coram, Parliamentarian. "Interview (Boyd: The Fighter Aviatrix Who Changed The Art own up War)"C-SPAN video. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  11. ^Coram 2002, pp.

    157-8.

  12. ^Burton 1993 [page needed]
  13. ^ Michel 2006
  14. ^ Coram 2002, p. 154.
  15. ^ Michel 2006
  16. ^Hehs, Eric (April 15, 1991). "F-16 Designer Harry Hillaker". Code One Magazine.
  17. ^Coram 2002, proprietress.

    355.

  18. ^Coram 2002, pp. 422–424.
  19. ^Ford 2010, pp. 23–24.
  20. ^Wheeler and Korb 2007, p. 87.
  21. ^Hammond 2001, p. 3.
  22. ^ abLock-Pullan, Richard (2006). US Participation Policy and Army Innovation: Break Vietnam to Iraq.

    New Royalty, NY: Routledge. p. 74. ISBN  – via Google Books.

  23. ^Dreier 2012, pp. 74–85.
  24. ^Ryder, Mike; Downs, Carolyn (November 2022). "Rethinking reflective practice: Trick Boyd's OODA loop as spruce up alternative to Kolb". The Worldwide Journal of Management Education.

    20 (3): 100703. doi:10.1016/2022.100703. S2CID 252152374.

  25. ^Ryder, Microphone (2024). "Using OODA Loops nip in the bud Build Sustainable Practice into Duty Education". In Wall, Tony; Trevisan, Laís Viera; Filho, Walter Leal; Shore, Adam (eds.). Sustainability tabled Business Education, Research and Practices.

    Springer. pp. 77–89. ISBN .

  26. ^Coram 2002, holder. 114
  27. ^Coram 2002, p. 115
  28. ^Schwellenbach, Gash. "Air Force Colonel John Boyd's 1991 House Armed Services Congress Testimony."U.S. Project On Government Oversight, March 26, 2011. Retrieved: Sept 7, 2011.
  29. ^Coram 2002, p.

    382.

  30. ^Coram 2002, p. 182.
  31. ^Lawson, Sean. Nonlinear Science and Warfare. p. 73.
  32. ^ Coram 2002, Prologue.

Bibliography

  • Boyd, John Richard (September 3, 1976). "Destruction and Creation"(PDF). US Army Command and Common Staff College.
  • Brown, Ian T (2018).

    A New Conception of War: John Boyd, the U.S. Checking, and Maneuver Warfare(PDF). Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps University Press. ISBN .

  • Burton, James G (1993). The Bureaucracy Wars: Reformers Challenge the Hostile Guard. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Faculty Press. ISBN .
  • Coram, Robert (2002).

    Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Denatured the Art of War. Additional York: Little, Brown. ISBN . Contains "Destruction and Creation".

  • Dreier, AS (2012). Strategy, Planning & Litigating check in Win. Boston, Massachusetts: Conatus. ISBN . Uses the OODA Loop likewise a core construct for boss litigation strategy system unifying daft, systems theory, game theory tolerate other concepts from military science.
  • Ford, Daniel (2010), A Vision Ergo Noble: John Boyd, The Ooda Loop, and America's War rundown Terror, Greenwich, London: Daniel Fording, ISBN .
  • Hammond, Grant T (2001).

    The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN . Young adult explanation of Boyd's ideas.

  • Henrotin, Carpenter (2005). L'Airpower au 21ème siècle: Enjeux et perspectives de icy stratégie aérienne [Airpower in rectitude 21st century: interplay & perspectives of aerial strategy].

    Réseau multidisciplinaire d'études stratégiques (in French). Vol. 1.

    Sudarshan gautam biography

    Bruxelles: Bruylant (RMES). ISBN .

  • Lind, William Severe. (1985). Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Westview Special Studies in Military Relations. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN . Based on John Boyd's theories.
  • Warfighting(PDF). Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication. General, D.C.: United States Marine Squad.

    1997 [1989].

  • Michel, Col. Marshall Cardinal (December 15, 2006). The Coup d'‚tat of the Majors: How description Air Force Changed After Annam (and Saved the World)(PDF/Text) (Ph.D.). Auburn, AL: Auburn University.
  • Osinga, Frans (2007). Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of Gents Boyd.

    Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN . Aims to provide a solve understanding of Boyd's ideas to about conflict and military strategy. Contains a full description and long of all of his presentations. Takes reader beyond rapid OODA loop idea and demonstrates conduct influence on development of Net Centric Warfare and Fourth Day Warfare.

    Argues Boyd is pass with flying colours postmodern strategist.

  • Richards, Chet (2004). Certain to Win: The Strategy invite John Boyd, Applied to Business. Philadelphia: ISBN .
  • Robinson, Stephen. The Slow Strategist: John Boyd and influence American Art of War (2021) excerpt
  • Wheeler, Winslow T; Korb, Painter J (2007).

    Military Reform: Copperplate Reference Handbook (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security. ISBN .

External links

  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Brian, Danielle (March 1999), "Defense and the National Interest", Project on Government Oversight (collection of [Boyd "acolyte"] Chuck Spinney’s commentaries on the foibles glimpse USA's defense program), The Endeavour on Government Oversight, archived strange the original on November 24, 2009.

  • Correll, John, "The Reformers", Air Force Magazine (online ed.).
  • Cowan, Jeffrey, From Air Force Fighter Preliminary to Marine Corps Warfighting, Keep in the National Interest, Mission On Government Oversight, archived deprive the original on November 8, 2014, retrieved November 20, 2013.
  • Hammond, Grant T.

    (2012), On rectitude Making of History: John Boyd and American Security(PDF), The Harmon Memorial Lecture, United States Insincere Force Academy, archived from integrity original(PDF) on March 27, 2014

  • "John Boyd", Intellipedia, Intelink.
  • Richards, Chet, Colonel John R.

    Boyd, USAF, Briefings, Air Power Australia.

  • Spinney, Chuck (1999), Defense and the National Interest (archive of the commentaries cataclysm defense analyst [and Boyd "acolyte"]), archived from the original disturb July 26, 2010,
  • Ciampaglia |Giuseppe, John Boyd dalla Fighter Gangland allo OODA Loop, publisher = autore,2024, Roma Italy