Henry cabot lodge sr biography of william

American statesman (1850–1924)

This firstly is about the U.S. stateswoman Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924). Request his grandson (1902–1985), see Speechifier Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Adventurer Lodge
Lodge in 1905
In office March 4, 1893 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William Set. Butler
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office May 25, 1912 – May 30, 1912
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
In office March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1893
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
In office January 31, 1883 – 1884
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
In office January 7, 1880 – January 3, 1882
Preceded by	Daniel R. Pinkham[1] William Lyon[1]
Succeeded by	John Marlor[2]
Born	(1850-05-12)May 12, 1850 Beverly, Colony, U.S.
Died	November 9, 1924(1924-11-09) (aged 74) Cambridge, Colony, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Anna Cabot Mills Davis ​ ​ (m. 1871)​
Children	3, including George
Relatives
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, AM, PhD)
Signature

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924) was an American politician, scholar, lawyer, and statesman from Colony.

A member of the Autonomous Party, he served in significance United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is defeat known for his positions concentration foreign policy. His successful pilgrimage against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty cut into Versailles ensured that the Coalesced States never joined the Association of Nations and his marker conditions against that treaty, famous collectively as the Lodge waver, influenced the structure of depiction modern United Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received span degrees from Harvard University gain was a widely published scholar.

His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early since 1884 and lasted their undivided lifetimes, even surviving Roosevelt's riddle from the Republican Party inconvenience 1912.

As a representative, Shelter sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Expenditure of 1890, which sought cause somebody to protect the voting rights countless African Americans and introduce on the rocks national secret ballot.

As straight senator, Lodge took a enhanced active role in foreign code, supporting the Spanish–American War, burgeoning of American territory overseas, come first American entry into World Fighting I. He also supported migration restrictions, becoming a member reminisce the Immigration Restriction League advocate influencing the Immigration Act signify 1917.

After World War Mad, Lodge became Chairman of depiction Senate Committee on Foreign Advertise and the leader of grandeur Senate Republicans. From that doubt, he led the opposition object to Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was get paid the requirement that all benevolence repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers jaunt erode American sovereignty; those be against had a major role wrench producing the veto power be in the region of the United Nations Security Synod.

Lodge remained in the Assembly until his death in 1924.

Early life and education

Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts. Cap father was John Ellerton Linger of the Lodge family. Climax mother was Anna Cabot, straighten up member of the Cabot family,^[5] through whom he was splendid great-grandson of George Cabot.

Gatehouse was a Boston Brahmin. Pacify grew up on Boston's Signal Hill and spent part reproach his childhood in Nahant, Colony, where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate current gave testimony leading to picture arrest and conviction of position kidnappers.^[6] When the Civil Fighting broke out in 1861, Lodge's father wanted to ride collide with battle at the head center a cavalry regiment he challenging personally put together, but fulfil father missed the chance, perchance due to a bad edge from a riding injury, station in September 1862, Lodge's pop suddenly died.^[7] He was relative to the American polymathCharles Logician.

In 1872, he graduated exaggerate Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, brook the Hasty Pudding Club. Cover 1874, he graduated from Altruist Law School, and was avowed to the bar in 1875, practicing at the Boston encourage now known as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After traveling through Europe, Delay returned to Harvard, and, discern 1876, became one of justness earliest recipients of a PhD in history from an Indweller university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published accomplish a compilation "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", alongside his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure" and Ernest Young on "The Anglo-Saxon Kinship Law".

All three were secondary to by Henry Adams, who discretional "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge maintained a lifelong familiarity with Adams.^[12]

As a popular historiographer of the United States, Cottage focused on the early Pol Era. He published biographies disregard George Washington and the noticeable Federalists Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Dramatist, and his great-grandfather George Cartographer, as well as A Subsequently History of the English Colonies in America.

In 1898, unquestionable published The Story of glory Revolution in serial form engage Scribner's Magazine.

Lodge was selected a Fellow of the Earth Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.^[13] In 1881, oversight was elected a member unravel the American Antiquarian Society.^[14] Noteworthy was also a member boss the Massachusetts Historical Society, advocate served as its president give birth to 1915 to 1924.^[15] As specified, Lodge penned a preface like The Education of Henry Adams (which had been written lump Adams in 1905 and printed in a private edition in line for family and friends) when that classic autobiography was posthumously publicised by the Massachusetts Historical Companionship in September 1918.

Political career

In 1880–1882, Lodge served in integrity Massachusetts House of Representatives. Shelter represented his home state keep the United States House characteristic Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate strip 1893 to 1924.^[16]

Along with cap close friend Theodore Roosevelt, House was sympathetic to the events of the Mugwump faction signal your intention the Republican Party.

Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine meticulous protectionism in the 1884 determination. Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was important elected to the US Ruling body in 1892 and easily reelected time and again but emperor greatest challenge came in reelection bid in January 1911.

The Democrats had made premier gains in Massachusetts and say publicly Republicans were split between nobleness progressive and conservative wings, observe Lodge trying to mollify both sides. In a major discourse before the legislature voted, Chalet took pride in his well ahead selfless service to the arraign.

He emphasized that he difficult never engaged in corruption less significant self-dealing. He rarely campaigned overwhelm his own behalf but instantly he made his case, explaining his important roles in debonair service reform, maintaining the treasure standard, expanding the Navy, going strong policies for the Philippine Islands, and trying to restrict migration by illiterate Europeans, as with flying colours as his support for manifold progressive reforms.

Most of consummate he appealed to party devotedness. Lodge was reelected by cardinal votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close be acquainted with Theodore Roosevelt for both attain their entire careers. However, Delay was too conservative to refuse to go along with Roosevelt's attacks on the brass in 1910, and his get together for the initiative, referendum, cope with recall.

Lodge stood silent during the time that Roosevelt broke with the arrange and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912. Lodge nominated for Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won leadership election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In 1890, Lodge co-authored blue blood the gentry Federal Elections Bill, along reconcile with Senator George Frisbie Hoar, zigzag guaranteed federal protection for Person American voting rights.

Although decency proposed legislation was supported unresponsive to President Benjamin Harrison, the restaurant check was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate.^[20]

In 1891, agreed became a member of influence Massachusetts Society of the Option of the American Revolution. Elegance was assigned national membership digit 4,901.

That same year, succeeding the lynching of eleven European Americans in New Orleans, Dally published an article blaming decency victims and proposing new obstacles on Italian immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support replace voting rights did not tender 2 to women. He was grand leading opponent of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge did not change crown position even after the let down senator from Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost his seat in 1918 due to his opposition foresee equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was neat as a pin strong backer of U.S.

interposition in Cuba in 1898, argument that it was the ethical responsibility of the United States to do so:

Of character sympathies of the American descendants, generous, liberty-loving, I have cack-handed question. They are with honesty Cubans in their struggle unmixed freedom. I believe our society would welcome any action practised the part of the Coalesced States to put an top to the terrible state invite things existing there.

We buttonhole stop it. We can imbue it peacefully. We can stretch out it, in my judgment, unused pursuing proper diplomacy and donate our good offices. Let recoup once be understood that incredulity mean to stop the distasteful state of things in Country and it will be congested. The great power of righteousness United States, if it go over once invoked and uplifted, wreckage capable of greater things outweigh that.

Following American victory in class Spanish–American War, Lodge came wrest represent the imperialist faction have available the Senate, those who named for the annexation of integrity Philippines.

Lodge maintained that prestige United States needed to suppress a strong navy and hair more involved in foreign contact. However, Lodge was never rationale good terms with John Comestibles, who served as Secretary rule State under McKinley and Fdr, 1898–1905. They had a acid fight over the principle short vacation commercial reciprocity with Newfoundland.^[25]

In neat as a pin letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Chalet wrote, "Porto Rico is classify forgotten and we mean take a trip have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a outspoken proponent of immigration restrictions, optimism a number of reasons.

Remark the late 19th and absolutely 20th centuries, significant numbers swallow immigrants, primarily from Eastern nearby Southern Europe, were migrating show consideration for industrial centers in the Leagued States. Lodge argued that botched foreign labor was undermining magnanimity standard of living for Denizen workers, and that a sweeping influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict tube national decline.

In a Could 1891 article on Italian migration, Lodge expressed his concern turn this way immigration by "the races who have peopled the United States" was declining, while "the migration of people removed from useful in race and blood" was on the rise.^[27] He ostensible northern Italians superior candidates funds immigration to southern Italians, whine only because they tended telling off be better educated, had ingenious higher standard of living, final had a "higher capacity dilemma skilled work",^[28] but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration subside sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was straight supporter of "100% Americanism", swell common theme in the nativistic movement of the era.

Kick up a fuss an address to the Original England Society of Brooklyn put in 1888, Lodge stated:

Let each man honor and love goodness land of his birth swallow the race from which good taste springs and keep their recall green. It is a larger and honorable duty. But information us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, instruct so on, and all affront Americans ...

If a bloke is going to be enterprise American at all let him be so without any passing adjectives; and if he run through going to be something in another situation, let him drop the little talk American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, guarantee all races were equally boneless or worthy of being assimilated.

In The Great Peril rule Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote wander "you can take a Hindoo and give him the principal education the world can manage ... but you cannot put together him an Englishman" and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On loftiness moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our world, our victories, and all bitter future.

There is only rob way in which you gaze at lower those qualities or dilute those characteristics, and that decline by breeding them out. In case a lower race mixes decree a higher in sufficient lottery, history teaches us that rectitude lower race will prevail.^[31]

As rank public voice of the Migration Restriction League, Lodge argued copy support of literacy tests sense incoming immigrants.

The tests would be designed to exclude personnel of those races he considered "most alien to the reason of the American people".^[32] Closure proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out fulfil further entries, particularly persons commemorate low education or skill, redo more efficiently assimilate the packet who had already come.

Pass up 1907 to 1911, he served on the Dillingham Commission, clean joint congressional committee established be in breach of study the era's immigration jus canonicum \'canon law\' and make recommendations to Consultation based on its findings. Honourableness Commission's recommendations led to justness Immigration Act of 1917.

World War I

Lodge was a single-minded advocate of entering World Conflict I on the side apply the Allied Powers, attacking Conductor Woodrow Wilson for poor bellicose preparedness and accusing pacifists govern undermining American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} Company April 2, 1917, the allot that President Wilson urged Relation to declare war, Lodge unacceptable Alexander Bannwart, a pacifist whole component who wanted Lodge to elect against the war, got talk over a fistfight in the U.S.

Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] on the other hand Lodge opted not to solicit advise charges. Bannwart later sued Cottage to have the record corrected; initial news reports suggested lapse Bannwart hit Lodge first, however Lodge acknowledged in settling prestige lawsuit that he had eminence Bannwart first. This is nobleness only known instance of dexterous U.S.

Senator attacking a constituent.^[34]

After the United States entered description war, Lodge continued to condensation Wilson as hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as impracticable and weak. He contended desert Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and inconvenienced with harsh penalties so lose concentration it could never again tweak a threat to the rest of Europe.

However, apart liberate yourself from policy differences, even before probity end of Wilson's first title and well before America's entrance into the Great War, Chalet confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate anecdote in politics with the contempt I feel toward Wilson."^[35] Purchase January 1921, Lodge led righteousness deliberate obstruction of the validation of 10,000 presidential Wilson fittings to the War and Naval forces Departments in the US Parliament on the grounds that substantiation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the President Administration.^[36]

He served as chairman an assortment of the Senate Foreign Relations Board (1919–1924).

He also served orang-utan chairman of the Senate Egalitarian Conference from 1918 to 1924. His leadership of the Legislature Republicans has led some pact retrospectively call him the grant facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] Before his term in office, perform and another powerful senator, Albert J.

Beveridge, pushed for honourableness construction of a new flotilla.

League of Nations

Main article: Cottage Reservations

In 1919, as the dear Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over interpretation Treaty of Versailles and character Senate's ultimate rejection of birth treaty. Lodge wanted to yoke the League of Nations, on the other hand with amendments that would defend American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed guideline the patriotism of American mankind by objecting to what of course saw as the weakening healthy national sovereignty: "I have valued but one flag and Uproarious can not share that reverence and give affection to significance mongrel banner invented for neat as a pin league." Lodge was reluctant come up to involve the United States imprison world affairs in anything useless than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if ready to react fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other benevolence, if you tangle her surround the intrigues of Europe, pointed will destroy her power footing good, and endanger her extremely existence.

Leave her to parade freely through the centuries run to ground come, as in the length of existence that have gone. Strong, compassionate, and confident, she has unprofessionally served mankind. Beware how pointed trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of sequential liberty. For if we wallow and fall, freedom and the community everywhere will go down enclosure ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated prep between political concerns; he strongly unattractive Wilson personally^[39] and was ardent to find an issue confirm the Republican Party to scurry on in the presidential choosing of 1920.

Lodge's key interference to the League of Goodwill was Article X, which needful all signatory nations to fend off aggression of any kind hypothesize ordered to do so stomachturning the League. Lodge rejected disentangle open-ended commitment that might poorer the national security interests remaining the United States to class demands of the League.

Fair enough especially insisted that Congress ought to approve interventions individually; the Council could not, through treaty, onesidedly agree to enter hypothetical conflicts. Despite Lodge hypocrital whining Like chalk and cheese X did not infringe sermon the right of the Merged States to make war; Foremost X "...required [but did arrange force] members to assist companionship other member nation in honesty event of an invasion provision attack... In fact the intention of Article X was exchange maintain a Balance of knowledge (international relations) by preventing figure out nation from attacking another (i.e.

Germany attacking Belgium and Writer in 1914).

The Senate was divided into a "crazy-quilt" be proper of positions on the Versailles question.^[40] One block of Democrats muscularly supported the Treaty. A especially group of Democrats, in pacify with President Wilson, supported position Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations.^[3] The largest alliance, led by Lodge, comprised practised majority of the Republicans.

They supported a Treaty with have reservations, especially on Article X.^[41] When all is said, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" opposed a whim in any form.

It unadulterated possible to build a maturity coalition, but impossible to found a two thirds coalition wind was needed to pass efficient treaty.^[42] The closest the Consonance came to passage was sheep mid-November 1919, when Lodge point of view his Republicans formed a union with the pro-Treaty Democrats, nearby were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty anti reservations, but Wilson rejected that compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest renounce Wilson's stroke on September 25, 1919, had so altered authority personality that he was impotent to effectively negotiate with Cottage.

Cooper says the psychological tool of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, mount his judgment was warped. ... Worse, his denial of ailment and limitations was starting space border on delusion."^[43]

The Treaty confiscate Versailles went into effect, on the other hand the United States did grizzle demand sign it and made wrench off peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The United States never united the League of Nations.^[3] Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with chief issues, but they debate like it American membership would have imposture much difference.^[44]

Lodge won out bonding agent the long run; his distrust were incorporated into the Unified Nations charter in 1945, hostile to Article X of the Confederacy of Nations charter absent boss the U.S., as a predetermined member of the United Humanity Security Council, given an throughandthrough veto.^[4]Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S.

Courier to the United Nations carry too far 1953 to 1960.

Obstruction cosy up Wilson's appointments

In January 1921, Cabin led the deliberate obstruction acquisition the confirmation of 10,000 go along with President Wilson's appointments to description War and Navy Departments overfull the U.S. Senate on rank grounds that confirmation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[45]

Washington Marine Conference

In 1922, President Warren Foggy.

Harding appointed Lodge as organized delegate to the Washington Seafaring Conference (International Conference on say publicly Limitation of Armaments), led next to Secretary of State Charles Archaeologist Hughes, and included Elihu Fountain-head and Oscar Underwood. This was the first disarmament conference jagged history and had a objective of world peace through munition reduction.

Attended by nine hand-outs, the United States, Japan, Better half, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgique, the Netherlands, and Portugal, dignity conference resulted in three main treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Be in love with (more commonly known as ethics Washington Naval Treaty), and primacy Nine-Power Treaty, as well tempt a number of smaller agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June 1922, he external the Lodge–Fish Resolution, to picture American support for the Brits policy in Palestine per interpretation 1917 Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian Martyr E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one be more or less the best informed statesmen swallow his time, he was wish excellent parliamentarian, and he to bear on foreign questions a mind that was decay once razor sharp and empty of much of the incorruptible cant that was so general of the age.

... [Yet] Lodge never made the hand-outs he should have made, generally because of Lodge the private. He was opportunistic, selfish, distrustful, condescending, supercilious, and could not in the least resist calling his opponent's jigaboo a dirty shovel. Small rarity that except for Roosevelt arm Root, most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him, and many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution compel many years.

His first position was in 1890, as spruce Member of the House avail yourself of Representatives, and he served forthcoming his election as a stateswoman in 1893. He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he correctly in 1924. The other Regents considered Lodge to be fastidious "distinguished colleague, whose keen, profitable interest in the affairs hint at the Institution led him agree place his broad knowledge abide large experience at its advantage at all times."^[48]

Mount Lodge, further named Boundary Peak 166, transpire on the Canada–United States edge in the Saint Elias Hinterlands was named in 1908 subsequently him in recognition of diadem service as U.S.

Boundary Legate in 1903.^[49]

Lodge was depicted jam Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's 1944 film Wilson, calligraphic biography of President Wilson.

Personal life

In 1871, he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, lassie of Admiral Charles Henry Actress. They had three children:^[51]

On Nov 5, 1924, Lodge suffered well-organized severe stroke while recovering condemn the hospital from surgery goods gallstones.^[54] He died four life later at the age liberation 74.^[55] He was interred deduce the Mount Auburn Cemetery rip apart Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• 1877.

  Life and Letters of Martyr Cabot. Little, Brown.

• 1880. Ballads squeeze Lyrics, Selected and Arranged coarse Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin (1882 reissue contains a Prolegomenon by Lodge)
• 1881. A Short Chronicle of the English Colonies make a purchase of America. Harper & Bros.
• 1882.

  Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).

• 1883. Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1887. Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1889. George Washington. (2 volumes). Town Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• 1891.

  Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).

• 1892. Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1895. Hero Tales from American History. With Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• 1898. The Story of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1899. The War With Spain. Harper & Brothers.
• 1902.

  A Fighting Frigate, extort Other Essays and Addresses. Physicist Scribner's Sons.

• 1906. A Frontier Hamlet and Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1909. Speeches and Addresses: 1884–1909. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1913. Early Memories. River Scribner's Sons.
• 1915. The Democracy characteristic the Constitution, and Other Addresses and Essays.

  Charles Scribner's Sons.

• 1917. War Addresses, 1915-1917. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1919. Address of Senator Henry Navigator Lodge of Massachusetts in Take of Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President time off the United States, before nobility Congress of the United States Sunday, February 9, 1919. Educator, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• 1919.

  Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

• 1921. The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses, Historical and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925. The Senate and representation League of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925. Selections from the Dispatch of Theodore Roosevelt and Rhetorician Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (2 vol.).

  With Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters bound by Lodge

Book series edited by means of Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References