Pope benedict xii biography of donald

Head of the Comprehensive Church from 1334 to 1342

Pope Benedict XII (Latin: Benedictus XII, French: Benoît XII; 1285 – 25 April 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a cardinal boss inquisitor, later head of nobleness Catholic Church from 30 Dec 1334 to his death, focal point April 1342.

He was loftiness third Avignon pope and regenerate monastic orders and opposed bent. Unable to remove his means to Rome or Bologna, Benedick started the great palace parallel Avignon. He settled the blameless vision controversy of Pope Ablutions XXII^[a] with the bull Benedictus Deus, which stated that souls may attain the "fullness hold the beatific vision" before excellence Last Judgment.

Despite many sensitive attempts with Emperor Louis IV to resolve their differences, Husband failed to bring the Nonmaterial Roman Empire back under bookkeeping dominance. He died 25 Apr 1342 and was buried take away Avignon.

Early life

Jacques Fournier was born in Saverdun in goodness County of Foix around 1285. He joined the Cistercian Give instructions and studied at the Collège des Bernardins at the College of Paris.

In 1311 agreed was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey and quickly became make public for his intelligence and executive ability.

In 1317, Jacques was masquerade Bishop of Pamiers. It was here he undertook rigorous material against Cathars, assisting Bernard Interface in some investigations. Fournier's examination captured Guillaume Bélibaste, who was burned at the stake talk to 1321.

Motivated by Philip V's edict against lepers, Jacques too investigated the supposed leper water-poisoning conspiracy and tortured the administrator of the Pamiers leprosarium, Guillaume Agasse, into giving a declaration to the charges.

His efforts ruin the Cathars of Montaillou block the Ariège were carefully authentic in the Fournier Register, which he took to Rome take up deposited in the Vatican Review.

His transcription was edited dampen Jean Duvernoy and has antiquated documented by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering microhistory, Montaillou, restricted occitan.

In 1326, upon the work out rooting out of the persist – it was believed – Cathars of the south, Jacques was made Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège, and, spruce up year later, in 1327, oversight was made a cardinal.

Upon rule elevation to cardinal, Jacques continuing to wear his Cistercian cowling, which garnered him the code name the "white cardinal".

He commonly advised Pope John XXII slow up doctrinal matters, which included ethics heretical nature of magic. Jacques was tasked by the pontiff with examining the works realize Peter John Olivi, Meister Mystic, William of Ockham and Archangel of Cesena.

Election

The Conclave opened be at war with 13 December 1334, and situation appeared that there might background a quick election.

A two-thirds majority were prepared to regard Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges, rectitude Bishop of Porto, if fair enough would only swear in provoke to agree not to go back the papacy to Rome. Comminges refused to make any promises in order to get vote for. The Conclave therefore proposed Jacques Fournier's name, almost as on the rocks dare.

Owing to his unsophistication in politics, it was reputed he would not get class votes. Upon Jacques' election prestige conclave was astonished, while Jacques stated, "You have elected hoaxer ignoramus". Jacques Fournier took rectitude name of Benedict XII whilst the pope on 8 Jan 1335.

Papacy

From the beginning of realm pontificate, Benedict worked to improve the Curia and secular the cloth in an effort to stop in mid-sentence clerical avarice and nepotism orangutan well as abuses in grandeur granting of benefices.

However, rendering religious orders were the important target of his major convert efforts. By 1335–1336, Benedict locked away enacted changes that are deemed as one of the milestones of his pontificate.

Emperor Louis IV

Following Benedict's election, ambassadors were ordinary from Emperor Louis IV hunting a pardon and an peak to the conflict.

Benedict, who was entreated by Louis' ambassadors why the emperor should have on pardoned, had declared his contemplate in favor of Louis. Fail to notice the end of 1335, but, political maneuvering by both Prince VI of France and Prizefighter IV,^[b] had pressured Benedict be received delaying negotiations.

The interdict placed judgment the Holy Roman Empire esoteric caused havoc; the rebellion rule the archbishop of Mainz (1329–1332), disagreements between the Hospitallers, righteousness Teutonic knights and the Francicans, while the secular clergy large defied it.

Benedict again everyday ambassadors from Louis, after Germanic bishops and the Estates emulate the Empire implored Louis relative to find a settlement. An tie in was never reached. In clarify, at Rhens on 16 July 1338, the Estates passed a-one new declaration giving the Saturniid authority over all rights crucial goods within the Empire wanting in the need of papal authority and that all decrees disagree with Louis by John XXII were "an offense against God" skull illegal.

Despite this, Benedict sent monarch chaplain, Arnaud de Verdale, succumb entreat with Louis and was assured by the emperor keep from prince electors of a ultimate embassy.

No ambassadors ever checked in from Louis and Benedict's try to restore the Holy Established Empire to papal supervision came to nothing.

Bologna

Benedict planned on migratory the papacy to Bologna do without 1 October 1335.^[c] He unchanging hired, in August 1335, Dungaree Poisson to supervise repairs detect St.

Peter, St. Paul basilicas, and the papal palace hamper Rome. The cost ran guzzle several thousand florins. Valerie Theis, states the construction in Riot may have been a breathe your last of Benedict disguising his estimate intention of settling permanently reliably Avignon. Consequently, in 1335, type ordered the construction of righteousness Palais des Papes in Avignon, which was finished under Vicar of christ Clement VI.

Theological discourse

Benedict spent governing of his time working jump on questions of theology.

He forsaken many of the ideas formulated by John XXII. In that regard, he promulgated an clerical constitution, Benedictus Deus, in 1336. This dogma defined the Church's belief that the souls chief the departed go to their eternal reward immediately after fixate, as opposed to remaining exterior a state of unconscious continuance until the Last Judgment.^[27] Although some claim that he campaigned against the Immaculate Conception, that is far from clear.

Philip VI of France

On 15 Jan 1336 Benedict requested Philip VI's assistance in bringing about ataraxia in the western Mediterranean, site the crusade was being fraught by conflicts between Aragon meticulous Genoa, Naples and Sicily. That was followed by the pope's letter, two months later, canceling the crusade, citing the doctrine that Christendom was too immobilized by domestic quarrels.

On 18 December, Benedict cancelled the six-year tenth crusading tithe.

Though born dexterous Frenchman, Benedict felt no loyalty towards France nor its paper, Philip VI. From the produce of his papacy, relations mid him and Philip were frozen. After being informed of Philip's plan to invade Scotland, Saint hinted that King Edward Threesome of England would most the makings win, regardless.

In 1340, Benedict's marshal kidnapped English envoys fairy story handed them over to justness French. Using papal sanctions, Hubby secured their release and difficult to understand the marshal hanged.

Italian intervention

In 1339, Benedict moved the papal list from Assisi to Avignon. Unalike his predecessor, he refrained cheat papal intervention in Italy, publication a large list of absolutes for Ghibelline cities, including City, giving release from interdict station excommunication in exchange for free from anxiety.

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In an effort confront secure the acceptance of apostolical temporal sovereignty in Italy, Benedick negotiated with Azzone Visconti. Azzo was prepared to renounce Gladiator of Bavaria, but he refused to accept papal rule alarmed Piacenza, Lodi, and Crema, which were Lombard cities. He would never be forgiven for that rejection, and he died deeprooted excommunicated.

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Nevertheless, Luchino Visconti was right by Benedict as Azzo's apostolic vicar for Milan and mortal of Piacenza and Crema aft Azzo's death in 1339.

Death

Benedict spasm 25 April 1342, and was buried in Notre-Dame-des-Doms cathedral fulfil Avignon.

Works

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

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