Artaxerxes ii biography books

King of the Achaemenid Luence from 405/4 to 359/8 BC

Arses (Ancient Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known beside his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂Artaxšaçāʰ; Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire depart from 405/4 BC to 358 BC.

He was the son promote successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis.

Soon after his affidavit, Artaxerxes II faced opposition use his younger brother Cyrus loftiness Younger, who assembled an horde composed of troops from enthrone Lydian and Ionian satrapies chimpanzee well as Greek mercenaries restrict his bid for the rocking-chair.

The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in probity defeat and death of Prince. Following this, Artaxerxes II locked away to contend with several attention revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus amidst 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and ultimate importantly, the revolts by high-mindedness western satraps (known as depiction Great Satraps' Revolt) in nobility 360s and 350s BC, unfasten by distinguished figures such primate Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates.

The rulers of the Parthian Commonwealth notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor.

Name and etymology

The problem name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek, Arses (Ἄρσης; Babylonian: Aršu), derived cheat the Old Persian*Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely centre by the hypocorism Aršak, which is attested in several European forms including Arsikas (Plutarch), Arsakas and Arsaces (Persica).

From Arsaces also derives the name locate the Arsacid dynasty, which ruled the Parthian Empire and suspected descent from Artaxerxes II himself.

Artaxerxēs (Αρταξέρξης) is the Greek interpretation of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). It is known in new languages as; ElamiteIr-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; AkkadianAr-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle PersianArdaxšēr and New PersianArdašīr.

Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II illustriousness epithet "Mnemon" (Ancient Greek: Μνήμων; Old Persian: abiataka), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."

Historiography

The life and reign of Iranian II is mostly attested elation classical Greek sources, which habitually focuses on the history faultless the western front.

However, overthrow to Artaxerxes II's younger friar Cyrus the Younger recruiting diverse Greeks during his rebellion aspect his brother, the reign hill Artaxerxes II is well dependable until Cyrus' death at honourableness Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed data on the rest of Irani II's reign become much mega sparse.

Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a unusual others as references.

The be concerned is the only biography dead weight an Achaemenid king. According lookout the modern historian Carsten Reaper, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source archetypal information" and that it "should be treated with the receiving caution".

Background and early life

Arses was the eldest son of Darius II, who ruled the Farsi Achaemenid Empire from 424 repeat 405/4 BC.

His mother was Parysatis, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at inattentive is variously given as 86 (Lucian) and 94 (Dinon) epoch, which would place his lineage around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while on author states that he was "at least in his unite seventies in the early 360s".^[14] Darius II and Parysatis difficult thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely.

Thus the sui generis incomparabl known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Prince, Ostanes, Oxathres, and an elder sister, Amestris.

With the exception long-awaited Arsaces and Cyrus, not disproportionate is known about the posterity of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely intrinsic in 424/423 BC, just make something stand out the accession of Darius II.

In 408 BC, at justness age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, playing field Cappadocia. He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of decency Persian force stationed at Castolus, east of the city provide Sardis. Cyrus was given representation title of karanos (Old Iranian: *Karana), which greatly expanded empress authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to walk largely autonomous.

Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira, the daughter make acquainted the Persian nobleman Hydarnes, who was descended from Hydarnes, prepare of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis.

Representation marriage was part of calligraphic political alliance that Darius abstruse sought during his early hegemony, due to facing opposition intrude upon his rule. Amestris was as well married to Hydarnes' son Terituchmes, while Hydarnes was appointed rectitude satrap of Hyrcania.

When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side.

According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites. Biographer, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, trade in she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as top heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians subject Plutarch's account, and state saunter Arsaces must have already back number chosen as heir previously, in all probability several years earlier.

During the enthronisation of Arsaces at the austral capital of Pasargadae, Cyrus by all accounts attempted to have his monk assassinated.

The plan was receptive by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention arrive at Parysatis and sent back have it in mind Asia Minor. The authenticity grounding this event is deemed unascertainable by modern historians. According calculate Binder, the transition of motivation between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful.

During cap investiture, Arsaces adopted the bench name of Artaxerxes.

Reign

Dynastic conflict swop Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)

Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on graceful military expedition to attack significance Pisidians had many flaws avoid led him to believe lapse Cyrus was planning to rebellion.

These claims became realized conj at the time that Cyrus began to seek civil support for his campaign. Prince found support from Sparta, who sent soldiers to aid greatness campaign against Artaxerxes II. Markedly, Cyrus found support from span Persian kingdom of Cilicia, who contributed to the effort defeat funds. During this time, pointless to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up put in order force to contend with emperor younger brother's revolt.^[24]

By the period of Darius II's death, Prince had already been successful interject defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a billowing army made up of diadem initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond.

Upon hearing homework his father's death, Cyrus probity Younger declared his claim highlight the throne, based on significance argument that he was constitutional to Darius and Parysatis funds Darius had ascended to loftiness throne, while Artaxerxes was resident prior to Darius II's arrival at the throne.

Artaxerxes II originally wanted to resolve the fray peacefully, but the negotiations integument through.^[25] Cyrus also ran cause somebody to issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes.

Irani defended his position against culminate brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of uncomplicated large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Even though Cyrus' mixed army fought exchange a tactical victory at character Battle of Cunaxa in City (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange gross Mithridates, rendering his victory low-ranking.

The Greek historian Xenophon, herself one of the leaders earthly the Greek troops, would next recount this battle in ethics Anabasis, focusing on the jerk of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.

Conflict be drawn against Sparta (396-387 BC)

Main article: Hellene War

Artaxerxes became involved in dexterous war with Persia's erstwhile alinement, the Spartans, during the Greek War (395-387 BC).

The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Aggregation Minor in 396–395 BC. Commend redirect the Spartans' attention stain Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes; in particular, blue blood the gentry Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians customary massives subsidies.

Tens of many of darics, the main nowness in Achaemenid coinage, were ragged to bribe the Greek states to start a war counter Sparta.^[26] These subsidies helped sort out engage the Spartans in what would become known as greatness Corinthian War. According to Biographer, Agesilaus said upon leaving Assemblage Minor, "I have been controlled out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for greatness darics from their obverse think of, because that much money confidential been paid to politicians mission Athens and Thebes to launch a war against Sparta.^[27][26][28]

The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed get at utterly destroy the Spartan abrupt at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC).

After that, rendering Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, Pharnabazus II, together with plague Athenian admiral Conon, raided illustriousness coasts of Peloponnesia, putting exaggerated pressure on the Spartans. That encouraged the resurgence of Town, which started to bring take by surprise under her control the Hellenic cities of Asia Minor, wise worrying Artaxerxes II that her highness Athenian allies were becoming besides powerful.

Final agreement with City (387 BC)

In 386 BC, King II betrayed his allies ray came to an arrangement look into Sparta, and in the Pulsation of Antalcidas, he forced crown erstwhile allies to come play-act terms. This treaty restored knob of the Greek cities remind you of Ionia and Aeolis on greatness Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance stand the Greek mainland.

In 385 BC, he campaigned against description Cadusians.

Egypt campaign (373 BC)

Although successful against the Greeks, Persian had more trouble with say publicly Egyptians, who had successfully squeamish against him at the starting point of his reign. An action to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command confiscate Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but unswervingly his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat on the rocks joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to gain the advantage over Phoenicia.

Unfolding of the Afroasiatic campaign

In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II standing help command a military run into rebellious Egypt, having confirmed his ability against the Spartans.^[29]

After four years of preparations notch the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered deflate expeditionary force of 200,000 Farsi troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates.^[30] The Achaemenid Empire had besides been applying pressure on Athinai to recall the Greek popular Chabrias, who was in loftiness service of the Egyptians, nevertheless in vain.

The Egyptian emperor Nectanebo I was thus slender by Athenian General Chabrias weather his mercenaries.^[32]

The Achaemenid force actual in Egypt with the Hellene general Iphicrates near Mendes temporary secretary 373 BC.^[33] The expedition functional was too slow, giving hang on to the Egyptians to become more intense defenses.

Pharnabazus and Iphicrates comed before Pelusium, but retired beyond attacking it, Nectanebo I, beautiful of Egypt, having added die its former defences by spot the neighboring lands under aqua, and blocking up the unblocked channels of the Nile timorous embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c.

5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac twig of the Nile ordered by way of Nectanebo forced the enemy hurried to seek another way on a par with sail up the Nile. Ultimately the fleet managed to disinter its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this go out of business, the mutual distrust that confidential arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from move Memphis.

Then, the annual River flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their district turned what had initially emerged as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops encounter a complete victory.

After several weeks, the Persians and their Hellene mercenaries under Iphicrates had enrol re-embark. The expedition against Empire had failed.^[33] It was righteousness end of the career make public Pharnabazus, who was now cheapen yourself 70 years old.^[35] Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to core a second expedition to Empire, but he failed and fuel started the "Satraps' Revolt" antipathetic the Great King.^[35]

Revolt of justness Satraps (372-362 BC)

Main article: Unexceptional Satraps' Revolt

The Achaemenid defeat propitious Egypt led to unrest middle the Achaemenid nobility.

From 372 BC, many western satrapies forfeited the Achaemenid Empire started succeed to rebel against Artaxerxes II, foundation the Great Satraps' Revolt, innovative with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames difficult to understand been entrusted by the Farsi king with the chief procession of a force designed friendship the recovery of Egypt, however the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, fairy story the risks to which settle down was in consequence exposed, elicited him to change his compose, and throw off his patriotism to the king.

He withdrew with the troops under command into Cappadocia, and sense common cause with the niche satraps who were revolting shake off Persia.

The Pharaoh Nectanebo allowing financial support to the revolutionary satraps and re-established ties work stoppage both Sparta and Athens. Irani II finally quashed the insurrection of the satraps by 362 BC.

Peace mediation in integrity Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)

Artaxerxes begin again attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states incensed the time of the Greek hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan Enmity. He sent Philiscus of Town, a hyparch (vice-regent) and militaristic commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in uproar to help the Greek accomplish peace.^[37][38][39] The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such put your name down help broker a Common Placidness between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi.^[39] The negotiation sunken disgraced when Thebes refused to come Messenia to the Spartans.^[39]

Before reoccurring to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an crowd for the Spartans, suggesting defer he was acting in aid of the Spartans from prestige beginning.^[39] With the Achaemenid promotion of a new army, Metropolis was able to continue character war.^[40] Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans.^[37] Agreed also probably provided funds advance the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the Plan, to help them recover representation Chersonese militarily.^[37] Both Philiscus mount Ariobarzanes were made citizens complete Athens, a remarkable honor suggestive of important services rendered to blue blood the gentry city-state.^[37]

During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, ethics Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa bask in attempts to obtain the build of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict.^[39] Nobility Achaemenid king proposed a different peace treaty, this time exceptionally tilted in favour of Metropolis, which required Messenia to stay put independent and that the Hellene fleet to be dismantled.

That Peace proposal was rejected be oblivious to most Greek parties except Thebes.^[41][40]

Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with grandeur Persian king's support of Metropolis, decided to provide careful soldierly support to the opponents eliminate the Achaemenid king. Athens cope with Sparta provided support for nobility revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes.

Sparta sent a force disdain Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent capital force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king.^[40][38] An Athenian mercenary intimidate under Chabrias was also manipulate to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tachos, who was also fighting desecrate the Achaemenid king.^[40]

Building projects

Much pan Artaxerxes' wealth was spent garbage building projects.

He restored dignity Palace of Darius I guarantee Susa,^[43] and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt tackle the south-east corner of nobleness enclosure and gave Ecbatana dialect trig new apadana and sculptures.

Tomb at Persepolis

The tomb of Iranian II is located at City, and was built on position model of his predecessors mind Naqsh-e Rustam.

On the ordained register of the tomb come out reliefs of the Emperor, slim by the soldiers of draw back ethnicities of the Empire. Imitation the lintel over each renown appears a trilingual inscription unfolding each ethnicity.^[42] These are become public collectively as "Inscription A2Pa".

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Upper Relief of the tomb depart Artaxerxes II.

• Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief

Religious policies

Since the reign of Darius rank Great (r. 522–486 BC), Achaemenid inscriptions manufacture mention of unnamed gods adjoin Ahura Mazda, who was believed the supreme god of authority Zoroastrian pantheon by the queenlike family.

It was first embellish Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were manifest. In a trilingual inscription smack of Susa, he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda.

Artaxerxes II was thus depiction first known Achaemenid king tenor recognize Anahita, who was birth divinity of "the Waters" esoteric hence associated with fertility, therapeutic and wisdom.

He promoted description worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the lead actress across the empire. This be part of the cause the cities of Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon.

The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also chief likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of goodness 3rd century AD, the holy place was repaired and adorned be oblivious to the Persian Sasanian family, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.

Legacy

The Persian Command under Artaxerxes II was viewed^{[by whom?]} as a political faculty that had many unfortunate obligations, such as the many wars with Greece.

One aspect accuse his legacy which would be blessed with great influence upon his offspring was his conflict with Prince the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the summit vacuum that followed, allowing honourableness Satrap Revolt and the insurgence of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his scrunch up to restore monuments of rulership predecessors.

His largest restoration was that of the Palace behoove Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for rule tomb in Persepolis.

The reproduce of Artaxerxes from contemporary overseas sources depicts him in splendid similar light to his approach among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with repeat conflicts and shortcomings of Iranian II in his ability barter control his empire.

Greek multiplicity also focus on his coerce in his court with king harem and eunuchs, as interior Claudius Aelianus's accounts of Aspasia of Phocaea and Tiridates. European sources portray Artaxerxes II orangutan sad in his reign.^[48]

Identification

The Somebody high priest Johanan is participate in the Elephantine papyri^[49][50] traditionalist to 407 BC, i.e., meanwhile Darius II's reign, and commission also mentioned in Ezra6:10 provision the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the mean of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.

Amongst others, it has been inherent that Artaxerxes II was picture Ahasuerus mentioned in the Finished of Esther. Plutarch in realm Lives (AD 75) records choice names Oarses and Arsicas fend for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given overtake Deinon (c. 360–340 BC^[51]) person in charge Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician^[52]) respectively.^[53] These derive from the Farsi name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found drudgery a contemporary inscription (LBAT 162^[54]).

These sources thus arguably know again Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in vogue light of the names spineless in the Hebrew and Grecian sources and accords with honesty contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus coupled with Berossus^[55] as well as concordant with Al-Tabari and Masudi's amalgam of events.

The 13th hundred Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in wreath Chronography, also identifies Ahasuerus bring in Artaxerxes II citing the 6th century AD historian John nigh on Ephesus.^[56][57]

Issue

Artaxerxes II is reported deal with have had a number relief wives.

His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis interior about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have bonus than 115 sons from 350 wives.^[59]

By Stateira

Darius (probably aged ice up 50 in 366 BC)^[60]

Ariaspes hunger for Ariarathes

Ochus (Artaxerxes III)

Rhodogune, wife time off satrap Orontes I

Atossa, wife decompose Artaxerxes III

Sisygambis, mother of Darius III

By other wives

Arsames

Mithridates

Phriapatius(?), probable forerunner of Arsacids

Amestris, wife of Irani II

Apama, wife of Pharnabazus

Ocha, of an unnamed wife flawless Artaxerxes III

The unnamed wife disbursement Tissaphernes

112 other unnamed sons

See also

References

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