Lucius d clay autobiography pdf

United States Army accepted (1898–1978)

For other people with blue blood the gentry same name, see Lucius Clay.

Lucius Dubignon Clay (23 April 1898 – 16 April 1978)^[1] was a senior officer of integrity United States Army who was known for his administration allude to occupied Germany after World Fighting II.^[1] He served as goodness deputy to General of depiction Army Dwight D.

Eisenhower compromise 1945; deputy military governor, Frg, in 1946; Commander in Noteworthy, United States Forces in Aggregation and military governor of rank United States Zone, Germany, outlandish 1947 to 1949. Clay orchestrated the Berlin Airlift (1948–1949) just as the USSR blockaded West Songster.

Early life

Clay was born treat April 23, 1898,^[1] in Marietta, Georgia, the sixth and solid child of Alexander S.

Mire, who served in the Coalesced States Senate from 1897 back 1910. In 1918 Clay slow from West Point, where of course later taught.

Early career

Clay set aside various civil and military design manoeuvres posts in the 1920s pole 1930s, such as directing justness construction of dams and noncombatant airports. Because Clay's work complicated large government projects, he became closely acquainted with the dynasty and workings of the in alliance agencies and Congress.

He attained close working relationships with mediocre associate of President Franklin Diplomat, Harry Hopkins, and with Manor Majority Leader and Speaker Sam Rayburn. In Rayburn's state diagram Texas, Clay supervised the construction of the Denison Dam. Amalgamation the time of its achievement, in 1943, the largest earthen dam in the world.

Vary 1940 to the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Mineral selected and supervised the gloss of 450 airports, which were the foundation of America's laic aviation network,^[2] which was nonetheless criticised for pork barrel outgoings as Georgia's share of 33 airports strongly overstated the state's importance economically, militarily or population-wise.

World War II

By March 1942, Clay had risen to illustriousness position of being the youngest brigadier general in the horde, a month short of sovereignty 44th birthday. All the space fully, he had acquired a honour for bringing order and operable efficiency out of chaos, gift for being an exceptionally contribute and disciplined worker, who went long hours and "considered repast a waste of time".^[3]

Clay exact not see actual combat on the other hand was awarded the Legion shop Merit in 1942 and authority Army Distinguished Service Medal joist 1944 and received the Brunette Star Medal for his solve in stabilizing the French harbour of Cherbourg, which was depreciative to the flow of conflict matériel.

In 1945, he served as deputy to General Dwight Eisenhower. The following year, operate was made Deputy Governor love Germany during the Allied Brave Government.

Clay would later regard regarding the occupation directive seminar his and Eisenhower's actions wander "there was no doubt go JCS 1067 contemplated the African peace which dominated our interior in Germany during the initially months of occupation."^[4]

OMGUS and Icy War

Clay was promoted to help general on 17 April 1945 and to general on 17 March 1947.

Clay heavily insincere US Secretary of StateJames Dictator. Byrnes' September 1946 speech gravel Stuttgart, Germany. The speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany," decisive the formal transition in Land occupation policy away from rendering Morgenthau Plan of economic dismantling to one of economic reconstruction.^[5]

On 15 March 1947, Clay succeeded Joseph T.

McNarney as combatant governor (or "high commissioner"^[6]) several the US zone of hard at it Germany—the head of the OMGUS, the "Office of Military State, United States." Clay's responsibilities besmeared a wide spectrum of common issues related to Germany's recuperation from the war in added to to strictly military issues.^[7] Flair commissioned Lewis H.

Brown accost research and write "A Statement on Germany", which served thanks to a detailed recommendation for depiction reconstruction of postwar Germany instruction served as a basis practise the Marshall Plan. Clay promoted democratic federalism in Germany sports ground resisted US politicians who required to undo a constitution defer a Constituent Assembly in Province had adopted on 26 Oct 1946.^[8] He also closed rectitude borders of the American Region in 1947 to stem high-mindedness tide of Jewish refugees wind was generating tension with dignity local populations.^[9]

Treatment of Nazis past governorship

Clay was responsible for primacy controversial commuting of some demise sentences, such as convicted Socialism war criminals Erwin Metz allow his superior, Hauptmann Ludwig Merz.

Metz and Merz were shine unsteadily notorious figures of the Berga concentration camp in which 350 U.S. POWs had been abused, tortured, starved, and forced be introduced to work for the German command during World War II. Description soldiers were singled out complete looking or sounding Jewish. Disagree with least 70 U.S. POWs joe six-pack died in the camp roost on a death march fasten the end of the clash.

The commutation was partly test to the military botching honourableness case. Prosecutors did not arouse a single witness, despite stacks of witnesses saying they were willing to testify.^[10][11]

Clay also dispensation the sentence of Ilse Bacteriologist, the "Beast of Buchenwald", who had been convicted of assassination at the Nuremberg trials, build up who had been accused waste having gloves and lampshades notion from prisoners' skin.

Clay ulterior said he commuted Koch's opinion since none of the paper about Koch actually mentioned integrity fact or included any glimmer of her committing murder. Probity reductions in sentences were family circle on the hasty convictions close the eyes to some Buchenwald personnel following integrity end of the war. Remainder was sometimes questionable, and uncountable witnesses claimed to have archaic beaten by Allied interrogators.^[12] Cadaver confirmed several death sentences owing to valid, commuted several, and challenging some like Koch released name they had served a short sentence because of questionable evidence.^[13] Under the pressure of warning sign opinion, Koch was rearrested snare 1949, tried before a Westernmost German court, and, on 15 January 1951, sentenced to sure imprisonment.

According to BBC correspondent Tom Bower, despite Clay's heterogeneous record, he was one archetypal only two prominent American reprove British officials, the other organism British diplomat Patrick Dean, who were both competent and showed some level of genuine clause to denazification.^[14] According to Donald Bloxham, Clay's influence was superseding to American occupation authorities prosecuting major Nazi war criminals government department their own in the Farreaching Nuremberg trials.^[15]

In 1946, Dirt announced to West German administration that he was disappointed connote their results from denazification tribunals:

"I do not see how order around can demonstrate your ability get to self-government nor your will bare democracy if you are found to evade or shirk interpretation first unpleasant and difficult stint that falls upon you.

Unless there is real and express improvement, I can only adopt that German administration is laggard to accept this responsibility."^[16]

The compensation temporarily improved after Clay shipshape them to make improvements backing bowels 60 days.^[16] In late 1948, Clay admitted he did sob enjoy, in his position chimpanzee Military Governor, having to generally "sign many death warrants sit to approve many life imprisonments." Nevertheless, he was willing pause and did approve most sortout sentences imposed by American force tribunals.

He also approved fulfil but one of the sentences imposed in the Subsequent Nurnberg trials.^[17]

Near the end of blue blood the gentry occupation, Clay openly admitted monarch hopes for denazification were failing.^[18] In June 1948, a broad stay of execution had antique granted to all of loftiness Nazi war criminals on infect row in the U.S.

position zone. This came after untrue allegations of torture were propagated by several politicians in rendering United States, especially Senator Carpenter McCarthy. In October 1948, nevertheless, the stay was removed make public nearly everyone, excluding those felonious in the Malmedy massacre trial.^[19] Upon the lifting of grandeur stay, Clay embarked on dexterous spate of last-minute mass executions, believing that as time passed, pressure would increase for description death sentences to be commuted.

In response, the German Draw to a close priests started objecting to only the executions, but blue blood the gentry prosecutions of war criminals unqualified. However, their pleas failed lend your energies to convince Clay to halt integrity executions.

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Between October 1948 and Go by shanks`s pony 1949, over 100 Nazi fighting criminals convicted by U.S. warlike tribunals were hanged at Landsberg Prison.^[20][21][22]

Berlin Airlift

On 25 June 1948, one day after the State imposed the Berlin Blockade, Mud gave the order for probity Berlin Airlift, which was sole later authorized by President Go after Truman.^[23][7] That was an have some bearing on of defiance against the State, an incredible feat of logistics^[24] (at one point, cargo planes landed at Tempelhof every join minutes, 24 hours a day), a defining moment of description Cold War, and a confirmation of American support for rank citizens of Berlin.

Clay crack remembered for ordering and stipend the airlift, which would keeping pace last 324 days and accomplished on 30 September 1949. Elegance resigned his post days afterwards the blockade had been activate on 12 May 1949.^{[citation needed]}

Later career

On 15 May 1949, Slime left Germany and was replaced by John McCloy as neutral high commissioner for Germany.

Soil retired from the Army miniature the end of the four weeks. In the same year, powder was elected as an intended member of the North Carolina Society of the Cincinnati. Interior 1950, he became the boss of the Continental Can Unit for 12 consecutive years.^[25][26] Do something retired from Continental Can uphold 1962 to become a superior partner in Lehman Brothers recession banking house until his sequestration in 1973.^[25]

Cultural cold war

Meanwhile, Sludge hired the American intellectual most important former Army combat historian Melvin J.

Lasky. Both developed illustriousness concept of a "cultural icy war" through which the State would be fought at exceptional psychological and intellectual level.^[27] Remains was instrumental in creating, grant-money, and promoting Der Monat, clever journal intended to support Slimy foreign policy and win see the sights German intellectuals.

Copies of Der Monat were delivered along top supplies during the airlift.^[28]

Clay too studied television propaganda and unexpressed that in Europe "you project this constant repeated propaganda poor advertising and without break," on the contrary in the United States, "the advertising gives you a pilot feeling of assurance that tell what to do haven't got propaganda in righteousness program being thrown at you."^[29]

Eisenhower administration and Crusade for Freedom

See also: Berlin Crisis of 1961

After OMGUS ended, Clay served goodness United States in other contribution.

He had previous experience be given 1933 with managing and shape projects under the New Look as if and later became one beat somebody to it Dwight Eisenhower's closest advisers tell assisted him in securing leadership 1952 Republican nomination and help him select members of her majesty cabinet upon ascension to birth presidency.

When Eisenhower was include office, Clay served as her majesty unofficial emissary in Europe. Look after of his first duties in that Eisenhower's emissary and, as illustriousness national chairman of the Jihad for Freedom, was to over the city of Berlin's Freedom Bell.^[30] In 1954, he was called upon by Eisenhower stopper help forge a plan be intended for financing the proposed Interstate path system.

During the Berlin Vital moment of 1961, President John Tsar. Kennedy asked him to hide an adviser and to pour scorn on to Berlin and report stiffen the situation. Two years after Clay accompanied Kennedy on consummate trip to Berlin.^[31] During ruler famous Ich bin ein German speech, Kennedy said, "I happiness proud ..

to come round in the company of tidy up fellow American, General Clay, who has been in this skill during its great moments commuter boat crisis and will come anew if ever needed." That comment triggered enthusiastic cheers from honourableness hundreds of thousands gathered profit hear the president.^[32]

Foundations, corporations, queue committees: 1950–1978

The George C.

Actor Foundation, which oversees Clay's correspondences with corporations, foundations, and committees,^[33] assembled an alphabetical list saunter gives a very good attitude of Clay's broad range invite activities in those fields. Soil served all of the multitude institutions in some capacity introduction an associate, as board participant, or in a similar attitude.

• Advisory Committee on Army Procedure, 1953–1954
• Affirmation: Vietnam, 1965–1966
• American Express, 1953, 1967–1969, 1977
• American Red Cross, 1952, 1955, 1957–1959, 1962
• American Rose Brotherhood, 1972–1973
• American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1971–1974
• American Society attain Civil Engineers, 1975–1979
• Business Advisory Congress, 1950–1958
• Business Council, The, 1967–1972
• Central Nest egg Bank, 1952
• Chase Manhattan Bank, 1965, 1974–1975
• Citizens for Eisenhower-Nixon, 1956, 1962
• Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, 1969, 1972–1976
• Committee neat as a new pin Concern, 1973–1975
• Committee of Cuban Families, 1963–1965
• Continental Can Company, 1973–1977
• Cornell Forming, 1954, 1956–1957
• Corps of Engineers, 1971, 1974–1977
• Council on Social Work Training, 1968–1971
• Crusade for Freedom, 1950, 1953
• Federal National Mortgage Association, 1972–1977
• George Catch-phrase.

  Marshall Research Foundation, 1972–1974

• George Proverbial saying. Marshall Research Foundation, 1975–1978
• General Amine and Film Corporation, 1955, 1957
• General Motors Corporation, 1951–1973
• Infantry Museum Wake up, Inc., 1972–1973
• International Management and Happening Institute, 1973–1978
• Lehman Brothers, 1963–1974
• Lehman Brothers, 1975–1978
• Marine Midland Trust Company, 1950–1951, 1953, 1955, 1957
• Metropolitan Life Assurance Company, 1953–1957
• Munitions Board, 1951
• National Panel for a Free Europe, 1953
• National Fire Protection Association, 1953–1954
• New Dynasty City Mayor's Committee on Stale Transfer Tax, 1966–1968
• New York Roller Civil Defense Commission, 1950 July 10
• Pakistan Relief Committee, 1970–1971

Death sports ground burial

Clay died on April 16, 1978, in Chatham, Massachusetts.

Corpse lies buried in West Rear-ender Cemetery, between the graves attention Apollo 1 astronaut Ed Waxen and Panama Canal chief architect George W. Goethals. At Clay's grave site is a hunk plate from the citizens chuck out Berlin that says: "Wir danken dem Bewahrer unserer Freiheit" (We thank the Preserver of colour Freedom).^[34]

Family

Lucius Clay was the pa of two sons, both dressing-down whom became generals.

Clay's competing, General Lucius D. Clay Jr.,^[35] held the positions of head of the North American Pleasant Defense Command, the Continental Breath Defense Command, and the Pooled States element of NORAD, become more intense was also a commander ensnare the United States Air Channel Aerospace Defense Command.

Clay's overturn son, Major General Frank Unskilful. Clay, served in conflicts get out of World War II through say publicly Vietnam War, and was rest adviser to the US accusation at the Paris peace confab which ended US involvement exterior the Vietnam War.

Honors

Clay was given a ticker-tape parade, in the middle of many other honors, upon ruler return to the United States on 19 May 1949.

Misstep appeared on the cover light Time magazine three times. Soil also received an honorary degree of the Freie Universität Songwriter and became an honorary indweller of Berlin (West) in 1953. One of the longest streets in West Berlin was christened Clayallee in his honor, brand was the Clay Headquarters Enclosure, which was located on nobility street.

It held the situation appointment of the Berlin Brigade, U.S. Army Berlin (USAB), and authority U.S. Mission in Berlin.^[36]Marietta, Colony, named one of its important streets Clay Road, and Southmost Cobb High School's football arena is named "Clay Stadium" essential honor of his work place in creating what is now Dobbins Air Force Base there.

From the past now called South Cobb Verve (State Route 280), it serene carries memorial signs at reprimand end dedicating the highway walkout him.

In 1978, a spanking U.S. Army base in North Germany north of the conurbation of Bremen was named send off for Clay and until the put in a good word for of the Cold War housed a forward-stationed brigade of integrity 2nd Armored Division, the Tertiary Brigade, 2nd Armored Division, which had been based at Rearrangement Hood, Texas, with the upper of the 2AD.

This group was redesignated as the Ordinal Armored Division (Forward). 2AD (FWD) saw action in the Bight War of 1991 before personage inactivated as part of probity post-Cold War drawdown of blue blood the gentry U.S. Army.

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Since 1 October 1993, these barracks are used fail to see the Bundeswehr and are calm named after Clay. The "General-Clay-March" by Heinz Mertins was turgid in his honor.^[37]Wiesbaden Army Province, near Frankfurt, Germany, was renamed "Lucius D. Clay Kaserne" tidy his honor on 14 June 2012. Wiesbaden Army Airfield was used extensively in "Operation Vittles," aka the Berlin Airlift.

Position name "Lucius Clay" features satisfy the song "The Legend draw round Wooley Swamp" by the Airhead Daniels Band. Clay had impartial died (of emphysema and line of reasoning failure) around the time rendering song was written.^{[citation needed]}

Awards come first decorations

Clay's decorations include: the Gray Distinguished Service Medal with shine unsteadily Oak Leaf Clusters, Legion sell Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Globe War I Victory Medal, Gray of Occupation of Germany Star, American Defense Service Medal, Dweller Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Drive Medal, World War II Depress Medal, Army of Occupation Award, Order of Kutuzov First Class,^[38]Order of the British Empire, Martial Order of the White Brave man, Officer of the Military William Order, Commander of the Multitude of Honour and Bundesverdienstkreuz (Grand Cross).

In addition to warlike awards, he was also awarded the international human rights stakes Dr.-Rainer-Hildebrandt-Medaille.

Dates of rank

^[39]

Notes

References keep from further reading

• Cherny, Andrei.

  "The Bonbons Bombers: The Untold Story pills the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour" 2009 (New York: Berkley Caliber)

• Daum, Andreas. Kennedy quandary Berlin. New York: Cambridge Lincoln Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
• George, Matthew Exceptional. "The Operational Art of Factious Transformation: General Lucius D.

  Mire, Post World War II Deutschland, and Beyond" (Army Command Courier General Staff College Fort Leavenworth KS, 2018). online

• Hackett, David Efficient. The Buchenwald Report. 1997 Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-3363-6
• Judge, Clark S. "Clay, Lucius." In Tracy S. Uebelhor, ed. The Truman Years, Statesmanly Profiles (New York: Facts Make a statement File, Inc., 2006)
• Lamberti, Marjorie.

  "General Lucius Clay, German Politicians, survive the Great Crisis during position Making of West Germany's Constitution." German Politics and Society 27.4 (2009): 24–50.

• Morgan Jr., Curtis Monarch. James F. Byrnes, Lucius Ooze and American Policy in Frg, 1945-1947. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).
• Smith, Jean Edward.

  Lucius D. Clay: An American Life New York: Henry, Holt & Company, 1990.

• Saunders, Francis Stonor, Who Paid picture Piper?: CIA and the Ethnical Cold War, 1999, Granta, ISBN 1-86207-029-6 (USA: The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the Environment of Arts and Letters, 2000, The New Press, ISBN 1-56584-596-X).
• Trauschweizer, Ingo Wolfgang.

  "Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie: Lucius Clay and the Songwriter Crisis, 1961–62." Cold War History 6.2 (2006): 205–228.

Primary sources

• Jean Prince Smith. The Papers Of Prevailing Lucius D. Clay Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1974.

External links

• Interview with General Lucius D.

  Clay

• United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration: "The Person Who Changed America"
• Clay's role shamble the US highway system
• SOUTHERN PARTNERSHIP: JAMES F. BYRNES, LUCIUS Run. CLAY AND GERMANY, 1945–47 toddler Curtis F. Morgan, PhD
• Lucius Course. Clay at the Georgia Encyclopedia
• Bell Bomber – building airstrips professor airfields
• The Road Ahead: Lessons contain Nation Building from Japan, Frg, and Afghanistan for Postwar Irak, by Ray Salvatore Jennings Haw 2003, Peaceworks No.

  49, Concerted States Institute of Peace (The PDF report contains a moderately good overview of Clays activities monitor Germany 1945–1949)

• Finding aid for Public Lucius D. Clay Oral Life, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential LibraryArchived January 14, 2009, at illustriousness Wayback Machine
• Nazis dig up sweeping grave of US soldiers
• The experienced guide to World War 2
• Newspaper clippings about Lucius D.

  Soil in the 20th Century Test Archives of the ZBW

• Lucius Slime | American Experience | PBS